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Oct. 26: Itō Hirobumi




Prince Itō Hirobumi was a Japanese statesman and genrō. A London-educated samurai of the Chōshū Domain and an influential figure in the early Meiji Restoration government, he chaired the bureau which drafted the Meiji Constitution in the 1880s. Wikipedia


歷史上的今天 (1909年10月26日)
灑血於中國領土上
伊藤博文在哈爾濱車站接受俄國財政大臣哥烏佐輔的歡迎儀式,慘遭韓國志士安重根持槍襲擊,當場身中三彈而死,享年六十八歲。其之所以權傾一世,主要源自於他熱衷尊王攘夷,同時也活躍於推翻德川幕府的運動所致。
歷史上的今天1909年10月26日 (星期二) 灑血於中國領土上 日本明治維新的功臣伊藤博文,係於1909年的這一天,在我國東北哈爾濱車站接受俄國財政大臣哥烏佐輔的歡迎儀式上,慘遭韓國志士安重根持槍襲擊,當場身中三彈而死,享年六十八歲。伊藤博文之所
MYPAPER.PCHOME.COM.TW

李鴻章的洋務運動始於1861年,比明治維新早了八年,結果是伊藤博文打敗了李鴻章。
話說在1895年《馬關條約》簽訂前,李鴻章和伊藤博文曾有過一段對話,當時伊藤說自己曾給過大人一句忠告,希望貴國迅速改革內政,否則我國必定後來居上,如今十年過去,昔日說話經已應驗。李鴻章說:改革內政,我非不欲做,但我們國家太大,君臣朝野人心不齊,不像貴國一樣上下一心。如果我們兩人易地而處,結果會如何?伊藤想了一會,表示:如果你是我,在日本一定幹得比我強;如果我是你,在中國不一定幹得比你好。
要剛强
伊藤博文這番說話只是「畀面」李鴻章,實情是李鴻章的識見、能力、做事之決心,遠遠不如伊藤,李是慈禧太后的一個奴才,而伊藤是有信念的政治家,兩者根本不能相比。今天我介紹一本他的傳記:《伊藤博文:創造近代日本之人》,作者是伊藤之雄,曾於哈佛大學燕京學社及賴肖爾日本研究所(Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies)研究近現代日本政治外交史。這是根據第一手資料寫成的伊藤博文傳記,作者以四個字「剛凌強直」(即剛強、嚴正、真誠)貫串他的一生,這評價是來自明治維新大老木戶孝允,他是從伊藤立身處身之道出發,認為貫串其中的信念是:隨時都有連地位、性命皆可拋棄的覺悟。
我們知道他的前半生,在香港割讓予英國那年出生於低下階層武士家庭,起初是仇外攘夷的「膠人」,後來冒死偷渡到英國念書,目睹西方工業文明之先進,學習數學、地質、礦物、土木工學,他明白到攘夷是「儍仔」行為,轉而變成討伐幕府的維新改革派,不斷思想未來日本的政治現代化。在英國考察時,他對英國君主立憲制已有認識,維新志士們在選擇日本的近代化模式,其視野比大清帝國闊得多。我們看日本歷史,只着重明治天皇親政,幕府將軍德川慶喜大政奉還一幕,而沒有耐心研究明治維新之後十多年,在政治體制改革上的摸索,而當中關鍵人物就是伊藤博文。他的中心思想是不能盲目抄襲歐洲政體,認為「設立國會較維新創業更加艱難」,究竟走議會主導的英式憲法,還是君主有行政實權的德式憲法,維新政府內部莫衷一是,他決定去柏林考察,跟隨當地憲法專家學習,主導了日本憲政體制的設計。



維基百科,自由的百科全書
長州五傑指的是日本江戶時代末期長州藩政府秘密派往英國留學的五位藩士,包括伊藤博文山尾庸三井上勝井上馨遠藤謹助。他們均在後來明治維新和之後的明治政府中發揮了重要作用。
1863年,五人在英國駐日領事Anthony James Gower和怡和洋行橫濱機構的幫助下,化裝為英國水手到達上海,然後,藏在一艘鴉片船中,再分為兩組,跨海抵達英國,入讀倫敦大學學院。導師為亞歷山大·威廉·威廉姆遜
伊藤博文和井上馨因國內發生與英法美荷4國戰事,於1864年回國調停。伊藤後曾擔任日本首相。井上馨曾任外交等部大臣。
山尾庸三後轉到格拉斯哥,半工半讀。1868年回國,曾任工部大臣、法制局長官,創建了東京大學工學院前身,並擔任日本工學會會長36年。在日本創辦了第一所聾啞學校。
遠藤謹助於1866年回國,曾任造幣局長。
井上勝於1868年回國,是日本鐵道之父。

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